January 13, 2012
January 13, 2012
Works Cited Page
Boorstin, Daniel J., Brooks Mather Kelley, and Ruth Frankel Boorstin. A History of the United States. Needham, Mass.: Prentice Hall, 1999. Print.
Casey, Paula. “National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).” In Ford, Lynne E., ed. Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. American Women’s History Online, Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE42&iPin=EWAP0372&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012).
Casey, Paula. “Suffrage.” In Ford, Lynne E., ed. Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. American Women’s History Online, Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE42&iPin=EWAP0497&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012).
Clarke-Holmes, Roxann. “Focus Questions.” Questions 1-4. South Brunswick High School, Monmouth Junction. 9 Jan. 2012. Lecture.
Clarke-Holmes, Roxann. “Panama Canal.” Notes. South Brunswick High School, Monmouth Junction. 28 Oct. 2011. Lecture.
Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn. “‘Cult of True Womanhood’.” Encyclopedia of Women’s History in America, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. American Women’s History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE42&iPin=awhm0126&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012).
Gordon, Robert. “Tarbell, Ida.” In Faue, Elizabeth, and Gary B. Nash, eds. Encyclopedia of American History: The Emergence of Modern America, 1900 to 1928, Revised Edition (Volume VII). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHVII262&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 1, 2012).
Hastedt, Glenn. “Spanish-American War.” Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAFP389&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 29, 2011).
Hawley, Charles. “Manifest Destiny.” In Rohrbough, Malcolm J., and Gary B. Nash, eds. Encyclopedia of American History: Expansion and Reform, 1813 to 1855, Revised Edition (Volume IV). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHIV149&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012).
Papas, Phillip. “nativism, 1865–1920s.” In Hoogenboom, Ari, and Gary B. Nash, eds. Encyclopedia of American History: The Development of the Industrial United States, 1870 to 1899, Revised Edition (Volume VI). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHVI206&SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012).
Srijeyanthan, Jenani, Saisuma Veerapaneni, Dhanushree, Mandy Fleischman, and Christine Simon. “Florence Molthrop Kelley.” Muckrakers Presentation. South Brunswick High School, Monmouth Junction. 14 Nov. 2011. Lecture.
“Suffrage | Define Suffrage at Dictionary.com.” Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. 2012. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/suffrage>.
January 13, 2012
There were many things that Americans valued that guided them to rectify the ills of society from 1865-1920. The two main examples that Americans focused on were expansion of land and equality. The expansion of land was motivated by religious beliefs on whether or not Americans should spread Christianity, democracy, or both. Voting equality for women was motivated by moral beliefs of whether or not women deserved to vote.
Manifest Destiny is the “belief that the United States had the divine ordained responsibility to expand its borders across the entire North American continent and to spread Christian civilization to less developed and unenlightened people” (Hawley 1). Expansionism is to gain land while spreading democracy. Those who believed in Manifest Destiny constantly disagreed with expansionists because they usually did not believe in Christianity and considered them to be an ill of society. Believers of Manifest Destiny spread Christianity to Alaska, Cuba, the Panama Canal, and many other places. They even tried to spread Christianity to the western part of America where the Native Americans lived.
Equality was an important value, for the Americans, which was inspired by having morals. Women had been working and volunteering during World War I to aid America in the war effort. They put in long hours driving, typing, operating phones, and working for special organizations. Women such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Alice Paul all did their part to earn the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady tried to get a document called the “Declaration of Sentiments” approved by the senate. Carrie Chapman Catt was the founder of the National American Women Suffrage Association and tried to get the 19th Amendment passed. It took Alice Paul, the head of the Congressional Union, to hold hunger strikes and get the 19th Amendment passed.
Ultimately, America’s values towards expansion of land and equality guided them to rectify the ills of society but it was mainly motivated by religious and moral convictions. The expansion of American land led to the distribution of Christianity (Manifest Destiny) and democracy (expansionism). Gaining voting equality for women took many attempts to grasp but once America caught on to it, they were never going to let it go or give up.
January 13, 2012
America befriended many countries and made a lot of enemies on the way. Two examples of this would be America’s relationship with Cuba and Panama. Spain had control over Cuba while Columbia had control over Panama. There were many reasons why America interfered with Cuba and Panama but they were mainly guided by a sense of mission, values, and self- interest that pushed the United States government officials to act the way that they did.
Cuba was once owned by Spain. There was no physical government there during the ruling but government officials were watching what was going on in Cuba (they had eyes everywhere). Cubans were forced to work long grueling hours in factories to help support their families and the Spanish government. They were getting paid pennies after taxes and these taxes did not even help with the living conditions in Cuba. Cubans had been fighting for political rights that the Spanish government refused to grant (Hastedt 1). Also, American investors had stocks in foreign markets that relied on Cuba since most of their manufacturing took place there. Americans knew that the Cubans were going to leave the Spanish government one day and live free lives. The American’s relationship with Cuba was guided by a sense of self- interest and mission. For the sake of the American investors and Cuban citizens, President McKinley got involved by helping the Cubans secede and stabilizing markets for him American investors. Cuba also had great ports that would be perfect for docking naval ships and it was indeed more land that was owned by the United States of America. The American’s interference with the Spanish government over Cuba led to the Spanish- American War of 1898.
The Spanish ambassador, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, had apparently been stating that President McKinley had “less of a backbone than an éclair” which aggravated him. He then asked the Spaniards to free the Cubans of their terrible tyranny. The Spaniards gave up but that was not enough for him so he declared war on Spain to prove that he was not indeed “spineless”. The war only lasted five months and resulted in The Treaty of Paris and the Monroe Doctrine. Once Cuba was set free, America did not want to miss such a great opportunity of taking advantage of them so President McKinley decided that they would oversee everything that happened in Cuba and only intervene if they believed that they needed help. In some ways they were different from the Spanish government, one reason would be that they did not financially profit from doing this protectorate since they were not taking any money off of the Cuban citizens. Not only did the American government profit through that way, but they used Cuba as a docking port for their naval fleets and allowed the Marines to do as they pleased in Cuba. Interfering in Cuba’s way of life was not enough and so the US government decided it was time to purchase the Panama Canal.
The US had been interested in Panama after the Spanish-American War and led to a relationship guided by a sense of values and self-interest with Panama. Americans valued competition such as a strong Navy. Americans had found a shorter way to California via the Panama Canal since it was a link from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean that was only ten miles wide (Clarke-Holmes 1), something that the Americans were interested in. Panama was owned by Columbia, an imperialistic nation that hoped of becoming an empire but would do anything for financial aid. The Columbians had decided to do a 25 year lease of the Canal in 1879 with the French. That meant in 1904, the lease agreement would expire. The French decided to sell the Canal for $100 million even though it was still technically owned by Columbia due to the mismanagement of funds and the break-out of yellow fever (Clarke-Holmes 1). In 1901 the price then dropped to $40 million. In 1902, Secretary of State John Hay wrote a treaty asking Columbia if they would give the US the Panama Canal for $10 million at once and $250,000 a year (Boorstin 541). The Columbian government declined and the US government got impatient. In 1903, the senate of Columbia drew back and asked for $20 million from the US and $10 million from the French company who had been working on the canal for twenty years. Teddy Roosevelt decided that instead of purchasing the Panama Canal, the US should encourage the citizens of Panama to rebel against the Columbians to become free citizens.
In 1903, that is exactly what happened and the Panamanian Revolution occurred. The United States aided the revolution by docking their naval ships “in the area of Panama” and hoped that the Columbians would draw back (Clarke-Holmes 1). The people of Panama won the Revolution in the same year and as reward for the Americans for helping them, they were given the Panama Canal. The Americans docked their naval ships on the Panama Canal as a strategic plan for when something major happens in the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean. The construction of the Canal started in 1904 and ended in 1914, six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget. In 1919, Teddy Roosevelt died and the Americans decided give the Columbian government $25 million for acknowledging the role of the Columbians during the revolution. Historians later called it “guilt money” and believe that the American government waited for Teddy to die before giving them the money, since Teddy would completely disapprove.
In the end, America tried to have decent relationships with other countries that they were involved with but it did not always work. Their plans with Cuba backfired when they started to take advantage to those that lived in Cuba. America only had a relationship with Cuba because they were guided by a sense of mission to have a port for their navy ships and self- interest to make sure that the American investors’ money was safe. America got involved with Panama because they were guided by a sense of self- interest to have a short-cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean all to themselves, plus more ports for their Navy ships. They were also guided by a sense of value towards having more land since it was a world-wide competition to have the most amount of property and become a leading nation or empire.
January 13, 2012
The fight for women’s suffrage was a 78 year old battle that cut off many ties with the federal government. The clash between oldcomers and newcomers was even worse. Newcomers were being segregated by the oldcomers and forced to live in crammed apartments because they refused to assimilate. These were key examples of conflict that led to unity exemplified through political issues, racial issues, gender issues, and economic issues in American history.
The definition of suffrage is “the right to vote, especially in a political election”, which is exactly what the American women wanted from 1848- 1920 (Dictionary.com 1). Many people believed that the women truly deserved to have voting rights after helping in the war effort during World War I since they were nurses, volunteer for the Red Cross, divers, clerks, typists, or phone operators. Others believed that the “woman’s domain was the home” and that it should stay that way (Casey 1). The woman’s suffrage movement grew into a huge conflict between the suffragist and the anti- suffragists but once laws put to action it was transferred into unity.
Women made up half of the population and wanted laws that benefitted them and wanted no taxation without representation. Whilst anti-suffragists were against women’s right to vote for many reasons; one was that they believed that women were powerful enough without the vote. They thought that women persuaded their husbands into voting to for the candidates that they wanted since they were known as the “moral compass of society” (Clarke-Holmes 2). Anti-suffragists also believed that women would become more masculine and wanted them to stay at home. This led to the Cult of Domesticity (1820) (Cullen-DuPont 1). Luckily, the suffragists fought harder against the Cult of Domesticity and prepared by creating the National American Women Suffrage Association in 1890 (Casey 2). In 1920, after the Congressional Union, a sub-committee pressured the President, the 19th Amendment was ratified and women were allowed to vote.
Oldcomers and newcomers were constantly bickering with each other. They were frequently feuding over racial issues since the newcomers refused to assimilate, plus they feuded over the fact that they lived in terrible living conditions and could not get a job, a major economic issue. When the newcomers arrived in New York, they were not welcomed. Oldcomers thought they had come to America to steal their jobs and spread their ethnicity around America. Newcomers came to America from Southern and Eastern Europe for more opportunities and a fresh start with new people in a new environment. Oldcomers were from Northern and Western Europe and believed in nativism, they were against immigration (Papas 1). To make the newcomers suffer, they forced they to live in tenements which difficult to live in due to the poor sanitation. The only work that they could get had terrible working conditions, longs hours, and low wages. African American had to pay for spiking poll taxes and had to take literacy tests in order to vote. Asian Americans went through the Exclusion Act of 1882 which stated that there was a limit on how many Asians came into America. Later in the 1900s, all people from all ethnic backgrounds were equals and there were very few fights.
To wrap up, immigration and women’s suffrage were two examples of conflict and unity in American history that were exemplified through political issues, racial issues, gender issues, and economic issues. Newcomers were forced into crammed apartment building in slums doing labor work while the newcomers enjoyed their jobs as lawyers and lived in mansions. Women were finally given the right to vote in 1920 after brawling with anti-suffragists for 78 years.
January 13, 2012
There were many Americans who tried to fix the wrong doings or problems in society during 1865 to 1920. They were known as reformers or muckrakers. Historians could come up with a list of reformers and problems that occurred during this time period but there were two muckrakers the revolutionized the United States. Ida Tarbell and Florence Molthrop Kelley were two American women who corrected many of the problems in society by publishing their work and forming organizations.
Muckrakers are reform journalists and novelists. Among muckrakers, Ida Tarbell was one of the most influential in the US. She exposed the corruption that went on in the Standard Oil Company since Rockefeller had ruined her father and “had driven his partner to suicide” (Boorstin 529). Her father owned a small oil company but due to Rockefeller’s company being so big and controlling most of the competition, he ran out of business. She armed herself with facts about, both, Standard Oil and Rockefeller, and published her work in the McClure’s Magazine (Gordon 1). She also published a book called, The History of the Standard Oil Company, court claimed that Rockefeller needed to stop with is sly tactic so that other companies could continue to thrive.
Another muckraker that made a huge impact in the 1890s was Florence Molthrop Kelley. Not only did she tackle situations pertaining to child labor but she endorsed woman’s rights and African American rights. Florence observed poor working conditions in sweatshops in Chicago and reported her findings to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Illinois. This led to special child labor laws in 1893 such as regulated sweatshop work, limited work hours for children under the age of 16, and prohibited child labor for those under the age of 14. In 1904, she founded the National Child Labor Committee and aimed in abolishing child labor. Her work did not end there; she continued her brawl against the government by implementing women’s rights.
When it came to women’s rights, Florence Kelley was known to be “the enforcer”. She “became the Illinois state-inspector and checked for fair working conditions and fair treatment of workers” (Florence 1). She also fought for “protective legislation’s for female workers” (Florence 1). Florence was also the founder of the Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom. Not only was she a founder of a League but she was the Vice President of the National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA). Florence Molthrop Kelley not only fought for proper child labor laws and women’s rights, but she fought for African American rights.
Florence Kelley battled for African American rights in which she assisted in establishing the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 (Florence 1). The NAACP led to reforming and improving the laws of the government. The NAACP helped establish the Legal Redress Committee in 1911, which preliminary task was to cooperate in several significant legal challenges. The LRC also worked with NAACP supporters in New York and Illinois to test existing state civil rights and laws that were routinely violated. One of which was segregation in public areas. The NAACP board voted to begin a campaign of investigation and publicity concerning the education of African American children in the South of America.
Ida Tarbell exposed the wrong doings of John D. Rockefeller by publishing her evidence in several magazines including McClure’s Magazine. On the other hand, Florence Kelley involved herself in the government and founded many organizations and committees. These included the National Child Labor Committee (1904), Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909). All and all, Ida Tarbell and Florence Molthrop Kelley transformed the problems in society by fixing them into solutions.
January 12, 2012
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